According to theories of stuttering, which type of factors relate to the external environment?

The correct answer pertains to developmental factors, as these relate to influences from the external environment that affect a child's speech and language development. Developmental factors encompass a range of environmental influences, such as parental interactions, social experiences, and educational opportunities. These factors play a significant role in shaping how children acquire language skills and manage their speech fluency, particularly in the formative years.

While other factors like constitutional, neurological, and perceptual factors are important in understanding stuttering, they do not primarily focus on external environmental influences. Constitutional factors generally refer to innate qualities of the individual, such as genetic predispositions. Neurological factors involve brain function and processing, which can affect speech production but are also more internal than external. Perceptual factors deal with how individuals perceive their speech and might involve self-monitoring and awareness but do not encompass broader environmental interactions. Thus, developmental factors are uniquely positioned as related to the external influences that can affect stuttering.