What is an example of unrelated/random paraphasia?

Unrelated or random paraphasia occurs when a person substitutes a word with another word that is completely unrelated in meaning. In this context, using 'car' for 'hamburger' is a prime example of unrelated paraphasia because the two words have no semantic relationship; a car is a mode of transportation while a hamburger is a type of food.

The other choices represent different types of paraphasia. Using 'nail' for 'hammer' falls under semantic paraphasia because both items relate to tools used for construction, making the substitution contextually relevant. Similarly, substituting 'rat' for 'cat' is also a semantically related substitution, as both are animals. Finally, using 'dog' for 'cat', though different species, still refers to animals, again indicating a semantic connection that classifies this as a different type of error. Therefore, 'car' and 'hamburger' distinctly depict the characteristics of unrelated paraphasia.