Which of the following diseases is characterized by neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?

Alzheimer's disease is the condition characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Neuritic plaques are deposits of amyloid beta-protein that accumulate between neurons, while neurofibrillary tangles consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that accumulates within neurons. The presence of these pathological features is fundamental to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's and is considered a hallmark of the disease.

In contrast, the other options do not feature these specific structures. Pick’s disease is primarily associated with frontotemporal degeneration and does not typically involve neuritic plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. Lewy Body dementia is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies, which are composed of alpha-synuclein protein aggregates, rather than the plaques and tangles seen in Alzheimer's. Vascular dementia is associated with impaired blood flow to the brain and does not primarily involve the amyloid plaques and tau tangles that are indicative of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is a distinguishing factor that affirms Alzheimer's disease as the correct answer.