Which of the following exemplifies compensatory articulation errors associated with hypernasality?

Compensatory articulation errors are speech production methods that individuals may develop to cope with difficulties related to hypernasality, which often occurs due to an inability to sufficiently close off the nasal passages when speaking. Glottal stops are a notable example of such errors. They are produced by bringing the vocal cords together and momentarily stopping airflow, which can occur when a speaker is attempting to articulate sounds requiring more oral pressure that is compromised by hypernasality.

When individuals struggle with producing certain sounds due to their hypernasal speech, they may resort to using glottal stops as substitutes for other consonants, particularly those that typically require oral closure. This compensatory approach allows them to produce speech even when their ability to create the necessary intraoral pressure is hindered by the anatomical or functional aspects of their speech mechanism.

In contrast, the other options provided do not directly exemplify compensatory strategies related to hypernasality. High pitch in sibilants, increased vocal volume, and muffled speech sounds are not dependable markers of the speech patterns employed by speakers with hypernasality and do not represent the compensatory efforts made to address the challenges they face.