Which of the following factors can negatively affect memory?

The correct answer highlights how complexity of information can negatively affect memory. When information is complex, it can overwhelm cognitive processes involved in encoding, storing, and retrieving memories. Individuals may struggle to create clear mental representations when confronted with intricate details or connections, leading to decreased retention and recall. The brain prefers information that is organized and simplified, as this facilitates understanding and makes it easier to remember.

Consistent practice and motivation are generally positive influences on memory. Consistent practice helps reinforce information and strengthens neural pathways, making recall more efficient. Motivation also plays a crucial role in memory, as a higher level of interest or desire to learn can enhance focus and engagement, both of which are beneficial for memory formation.

Emotional stability is important as well. While intense emotions can sometimes aid memory through the release of hormones such as adrenaline, emotional instability or distress can impair cognitive functions, including memory. However, the specific aspect of complexity of information stands out as a factor that directly complicates the process of memory retention.