Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for stuttering?

Stuttering is a complex speech disorder influenced by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. Among the options provided, late language development has not been consistently recognized as a direct predisposing factor for stuttering.

While developmental milestones can vary significantly among children, most research highlights that genetic predispositions, such as having a family history of stuttering, being a twin, or other neurological factors, are more consistently associated with the likelihood of developing stuttering. Being left-handed alone does not have a demonstrated direct link to stuttering, but it does relate to the complex ways in which speech and language skills can develop and differ across populations.

In contrast, late language development can occur for a variety of reasons and does not inherently predispose a child to stutter. Many children who experience delays in language development do not go on to develop stuttering, meaning this factor does not serve as a strong predictor within the context of stuttering.