Which process involves memories being retrieved without any cues?

The process that involves retrieving memories without any cues is known as recall. Recall requires the individual to access and retrieve information from memory independently, without any prompt or hint. For instance, when you are asked to remember a list of items you learned years ago without any cues or assistance, and you successfully retrieve those items solely from memory, you are engaging in recall. This operates on a higher level of cognitive effort compared to recognition, which relies on cues or hints, such as recognizing the same list of items when you see them presented to you. Recall is often seen in contexts such as short-answer tests, essay questions, or when trying to remember a someone's name without any clues.