Which statement best describes the secondary behaviors in advanced stuttering?

In the context of advanced stuttering, secondary behaviors are best characterized by both escape and avoidance behaviors. These behaviors emerge as individuals try to manage their stuttering, often developing strategies to cope with the moments of stuttering or to prevent them from occurring.

Escape behaviors involve actions taken during a stuttering episode to try to break free from the stutter, such as head nodding, eye blinking, or using fillers like "um" to push through the moment. Avoidance behaviors, on the other hand, are proactive strategies to evade stuttering altogether, which can include avoiding certain words, people, or speaking situations.

Understanding these behaviors is crucial since they reflect the speaker's attempts to handle the challenges of stuttering, indicating a deeper psychological and emotional aspect to the experience of stuttering, particularly in advanced stages. This contrasts with options focused solely on fixed postures, expressions of frustration, or general awareness, which do not capture the comprehensive nature of secondary behaviors in advanced stuttering.