Which systems are affected in hypokinetic dysarthria?

Hypokinetic dysarthria is primarily associated with disruptions in the control of movement due to conditions such as Parkinson's disease. This type of dysarthria affects multiple speech systems that are responsible for different aspects of communication.

The structures involved in speech production include the respiratory system, which provides the necessary airflow for phonation; the laryngeal system, which produces voice through vibration of the vocal folds; and the articulatory system, which shapes sounds into recognizable speech through the movement of the tongue, lips, and other articulators.

In individuals with hypokinetic dysarthria, there is often a reduction in the range of movement, leading to a softer voice (dysphonia) and imprecise articulation. The respiratory system may not provide sufficient pressure or volume, the laryngeal function may become restricted or lead to a monotone voice, and articulation may become less clear due to reduced movement.

Thus, it is important to recognize that hypokinetic dysarthria impacts all of these systems, making the correct response that all systems listed are affected. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for effective assessment and intervention strategies in managing speech difficulties associated with this disorder.