Which technique is specifically designed for enhancing working memory?

The N-Back task is specifically designed for enhancing working memory. This cognitive training exercise requires participants to constantly update and manipulate information in their minds. In a typical N-Back task, individuals are shown a sequence of items (such as letters or shapes) and must indicate when the current item matches the one from N steps earlier in the sequence. This task challenges the brain's ability to hold and manipulate information actively, effectively strengthening the working memory system.

Engaging regularly with the N-Back task can improve performance not only on similar working memory tasks but also on tasks that require problem solving, reasoning, and cognitive flexibility. The core characteristic of this task is its focus on the simultaneous storage and processing of information, which is intrinsically linked to working memory function.

In contrast, other techniques listed do not focus specifically on the components of working memory. For instance, spaced retrieval involves recalling information over increasing intervals, which is more about enhancing long-term memory retention rather than directly targeting the mechanisms of working memory. Similarly, direct instruction is more about explicit teaching techniques and may not engage the specific cognitive demands needed for working memory improvement. Goal management training focuses primarily on helping individuals set and pursue goals, which can influence executive functions but does not target working memory enhancement directly